SHARP PC-1401 (01) PDF Document

Your SHARP PC-1401 incorporates many advanced capabilities:

SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR: The PC-1401 operates as both a scientific calculator and a pocket computer, featuring 59 programmed scientific functions plus BASIC command keys for simple programming.

MEMORY SAFE GUARD: It remembers stored programs and variables even when you turn it off.

PORTABILITY: It is battery-powered for true portability.

AUTO POWER OFF: This function conserves the batteries by turning the power off if no activity takes place within a specified time limit.

EXPANDED BASIC: It provides an expanded version of BASIC with formatted output, two-dimensional arrays, variable length strings, and many other advanced features.

OPTIONAL INTERFACE: An optional printer/cassette interface (Model CE-126P) allows for “hard-copies” of programs and data and lets you connect a cassette recorder to store programs and data.

To use the computer:

Step 1. To remove the hard cover, slide it in the direction of the arrow indicated on the cover.

Step 2. Lift the cover off the computer.

When the computer is not used:

When the computer is not being used, mount the hard cover on the operation panel of the computer by sliding it back into place.

The SHARP PC-1401 system consists of:

• 76-character keyboard.

• 16-character display.

• Powerful BASIC in 40K Bytes ROM.

• 8-bit CMOS processor.

• 4.2K Bytes RAM (PC-1401), 10.2K Bytes RAM (PC-1402).

• Option: CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface.

To turn your computer on, set the POWER switch in the upper left corner of the computer to the ON position.

You will see the initial information in the display, which shows “DEG” and “0.”. A dash (-) indicator in the lower left area of the display shows the mode which the computer is now set. When this computer has just been turned on, it functions as a calculator. To show that the computer is set at the calculator mode, a dash indicator appears above the CAL (CALculator) label.

The SHARP PC-1401 can operate in three different modes:

1. CAL mode: In this mode, you can use your computer just like a calculator.

2. RUN mode: In this mode, you can execute your program or manual calculation using BASIC commands.

3. PRO mode: This mode allows you to store your program into the computer or correct or amend a stored program.

Switching between these modes is accomplished by using the green CAL and BASIC keys. The selected mode is identified with a dash (-) indicator displayed just above the CAL, RUN, or PRO label in the lower left area of the display.

• When you turn the computer on, it starts in CAL mode.

• Press the BASIC key when in the CAL mode to select the RUN mode.

• Press the BASIC key when in the RUN mode to select the PRO mode.

• The RUN and PRO modes are selected alternately each time you press the BASIC key.

• To return to the CAL mode from either RUN or PRO mode, press the CAL key.

The RESET button on the back of the computer is used when the C-CE or CA key is not sufficient to correct a problem. There are two ways to reset the computer:

1. To preserve programs and variables: Hold down any key on the keyboard and simultaneously press the RESET button on the back. Use a pointed object like a ball-point pen. Do not use easily broken points such as mechanical pencils or the tips of needles.

2. To clear all programs and data: If you get no response from any key even after performing the first method, push the RESET button without holding any other key. This operation will clear the programs and data, so do not use this method unless necessary.

The Contrast Control is located on the right side of the computer. Turn the control in the direction of the arrow for a clearer display, and turn it in the opposite direction for a dimmer display. Adjust it so that the display is easy to see.

When the display becomes dim and uneasy to see even after adjusting the contrast control, it indicates the battery power is consumed. Replace the cells promptly.

Important Cautions:

• Always replace both cells at the same time.

• Do not mix a new cell with a used cell.

• Use only: Lithium cell (type CR-2032), two required.

Replacement Steps:

1. Turn off the computer by setting the power slide switch to the OFF position.

2. Remove the screws from the back cover with a small screwdriver.

3. Remove the cell cover by sliding it in the direction of the arrow.

4. Replace the two cells, ensuring the polarity (+/-) is correct.

5. Replace the cell cover by sliding it in the reverse direction of the arrow.

6. Hook the claws of the back cover into the slits of the computer proper.

7. Push the back cover in slightly while replacing the screws.

8. Turn on the computer by setting the power slide switch to the ON position and press the RESET button to clear the computer. The display should show “DEG” and “0.”.

NOTE: If the display is blank or shows any other symbol, remove the cells, install them again, and then check the display.

CAUTION: Keep cell out of reach of children.

The symbols and status marks shown in the CAL mode display have the following meanings:

SHIFT: This word appears when the SHIFT key is activated, indicating that key functions identified by brown labels can be selected.

HYP: This word appears when the hyp key is pressed, indicating a hyperbolic function has been selected. If SHIFT and then hyp are pressed, “SHIFT HYP” appears to indicate an inverse hyperbolic function.

DEG RAD GRAD: These words are selected sequentially each time SHIFT and the DRG key are pressed. They indicate the angular units for trigonometric functions: DEG (degree), RAD (radian), and GRAD (grad).

( ): This symbol appears when parentheses are used in a calculation.

M: This symbol appears when numeric data other than zero is stored in the calculation memory.

E: This symbol appears if an error has occurred. The error can be cleared by operating the C-CE key.

STAT: A dash (-) indicator appears above the STAT label when the computer is in the statistical calculation mode.

CAL: A dash (-) indicator is displayed just above the CAL label to indicate that the computer is in the CAL mode.

Before starting, press the CAL key to place the computer in the CAL mode. Then press C-CE twice and make sure the display shows “DEG” and a single “0.”. If the display is different, take the necessary action:

1. More than one zero is displayed (e.g., 0.00): The number of fractional digits is being specified. Press SHIFT, TAB, and then • to clear this specification.

2. A dash (-) indicator is displayed at the STAT label: The computer is in the statistical calculation mode. Press SHIFT and then STAT to clear the dash indicator.

3. RAD or GRAD is displayed instead of DEG: These symbols indicate angular units. You can cycle through DEG, RAD, and GRAD by operating SHIFT and DRG.

4. Symbol M is displayed: Numeric data is in the memory. This can be cleared by pressing C-CE and then X-M.

The SHARP PC-1401 judges the priority level of individual calculations. The following shows the priority level, from highest to lowest:

Level 1: Functions, such as sin, x²

Level 2: yx, x√y

Level 3: x, ÷ (multiplication and division)

Level 4: +, – (addition and subtraction)

Level 5: =, M+, Δ%

Calculations which are given the same priority level are executed in sequence. Calculations in parentheses always have the highest priority.

Decimal to Hex Conversion:

To convert a decimal number to hexadecimal, enter the decimal number and press the HEX key. The computer will enter HEX mode and display the hexadecimal equivalent.

Example: To convert decimal 30 to hex, key in `30 HEX`. The display will show `1E. HEX`.

Note: If you convert a negative decimal number, the computer performs a “two’s complement” calculation. If a decimal number has a fractional part, it is rounded down before conversion.

Hex to Decimal Conversion:

To convert a hexadecimal number to decimal, first enter HEX mode if you are not already in it. Enter the hex number (using the appropriate keys for A-F) and press SHIFT and then -DEC. This will convert the number to decimal and clear the HEX mode.

Example: To convert hex 2BC to decimal, key in `C-CE HEX 2 B C SHIFT -DEC`. The display will show `700.`.

Hexadecimal Calculations:

You can perform arithmetic on hex numbers while in HEX mode. Note that hex calculation ignores all fractional parts.

To perform statistical calculation, press the SHIFT and STAT keys in the CAL Mode. A dash (-) indicator will appear above the “STAT” label, indicating the computer is in statistical calculation mode.

To clear previous statistical data, you must reset the mode. Press SHIFT and STAT to exit, then SHIFT and STAT again to re-enter. This clears previous inputs.

One-variable Statistical Calculation:

1. Enter a data value.

2. Press the DATA key.

3. To enter multiple instances of the same data, key in `Data X Frequency DATA`.

4. After entering all data, you can recall statistical values like mean (x̄), standard deviation (Sx or σx), etc., using the SHIFT key and the corresponding function keys.

Two-variable Statistics and Linear Regression:

This mode allows you to find the relationship (correlation) between two sets of data (x and y).

1. Enter the x-value.

2. Press the (x,y) key (located under the RM key).

3. Enter the y-value.

4. Press the DATA key.

5. After entering all data pairs, you can find the correlation coefficient (r), y-axis intercept (a), and slope (b) using the SHIFT key and the corresponding function keys.

Note: When statistical calculation mode is set, memory calculation, calculations with parentheses, coordinate conversion, and hexadecimal functions cannot be performed.

The calculation range for four arithmetic operations is ±1 x 10⁻⁹⁹ to ±9.999999999 x 10⁹⁹ and 0. The dynamic ranges for scientific functions are as follows:

Manual calculation can be performed in the BASIC mode (RUN or PROgram mode). First, press the BASIC key to enter RUN mode. A dash will appear above the RUN label.

In BASIC, the arithmetic operators are different from standard notation:

• Use an asterisk (*) for multiplication, not x.

• Use a slash (/) for division, not ÷.

To get the result of a calculation, you must press the ENTER key, not the = key.

Example: To calculate 50 + 50, type `50 + 50 ENTER`. The display will show `100.`.

Even after displaying the results of a calculation, you can redisplay your last entry to check or edit it.

• The left arrow (◀) recalls the expression with the cursor positioned after the last character.

• The right arrow (▶) recalls the expression with the cursor positioned “on top of” the first character.

Once an entry is recalled, you can use the left and right arrows to move the cursor along the line. The cursor will appear as a flashing block over the character it is positioned on.

Editing Characters:

• To replace a character: Position the cursor over the character you want to change and simply type the new character. The original is overwritten.

• To insert a character: Position the flashing cursor over the character *before which* you wish to make the insertion. Press SHIFT and then INS. A bracketed open slot will appear. Type the new character.

• To delete a character: Position the cursor “on top of” the character to be deleted. Press SHIFT and then DEL. The character is deleted, and all characters to the right shift one space to the left.

If you get an error message like “ERROR 1”, it is the computer’s way of saying it does not understand the instruction (often a syntax error). To find the problem, recall your entry using either the left (◀) or right (▶) arrow. The flashing cursor will indicate the point at which the computer got confused. You can then use the editing keys (INS, DEL, etc.) to correct the error and press ENTER to re-calculate.

The SHARP PC-1401 can store up to 26 fixed variables under the alphabetic characters A to Z.

Assigning a Value:

To assign a value, use an Assignment Statement. For example, to assign the value 5 to the variable A, type `A = 5` and press ENTER.

Using a Variable:

A variable may be used in place of a number in any calculation. For example, if you have a remaining budget stored in variable R, you can calculate 60% of it by typing `R * .60` and pressing ENTER.

Displaying a Variable’s Value:

To see the current value of any variable, simply enter the alphabetic character it is stored under and press ENTER.

When are variables lost?

Variables retain their assigned values even if the machine is turned OFF or undergoes an AUTO OFF. Variables are lost only when:

• You assign a new value to the same variable.

• You type in `CLEAR ENTER`.

• You clear the machine using the ALL RESET button.

• The batteries are changed.

The SHARP PC-1401 can “remember” the last answer obtained through manual calculation and recall it for use in a new calculation.

After completing a calculation, you can press the up arrow (↑) or down arrow (↓) key. The numeric result of your last calculation will appear on the display. This recalled answer can be placed in any position of a subsequent calculation.

For example, if you calculate `50 / 8 ENTER` to get `6.25`, you can then start a new calculation like `12 * 5 /` and then press the down arrow (↓) key to insert `6.25` into the formula, resulting in `12*5/6.25`.

The last answer is not cleared by the C-CE key operation but will be replaced with a new last answer resulting from the next calculation.

To perform scientific functions in BASIC mode, you must press ENTER at the end of the input. The following functions are available:

1. Set the POWER SWITCH to the ON position.

2. Press the BASIC key until the dash indicator is above the PRO label. This is PROgram mode.

3. It’s good practice to clear memory before starting. Enter the `NEW` command and press ENTER. A prompt (>) will appear, indicating the computer is awaiting input.

4. Enter your program line by line. Each line must start with a unique line number (e.g., 10, 20, 30…).

Example: `10 PRINT “HELLO”`

5. Press ENTER after each line. The computer will automatically insert a colon (:) after the line number.

6. To run the program, press the BASIC key to switch to RUN mode.

7. Type `RUN` and press ENTER.

Listing a Program:

To review your program, enter the PROgram mode. Type the `LIST` command and press ENTER. This will display your program beginning with the lowest line number. You can use the up (↑) and down (↓) arrow keys to move through your program line by line.

Editing a Program Line:

1. In PROgram mode, use the up (↑) and down (↓) arrow keys to recall the line you want to edit.

2. Use the left (◀) and right (▶) arrow keys to position the cursor within the line.

3. Use the standard editing functions (typing over characters, using SHIFT + INS to insert, or SHIFT + DEL to delete) to make your changes.

4. After editing the line, press ENTER to save the correction into the program.

Deleting a Program Line:

To delete an entire line from your program, simply type in the line number by itself and press ENTER. The original line will be eliminated.

The DEF key provides a shortcut to run programs without typing `RUN` followed by the line number. This is useful when you have several programs stored in memory.

1. Label the Program: On the first line of the program you want to reference, add a label. The label consists of a single character in quotes, followed by a colon.

Example: `10: “A”: PRINT “FIRST”`

The label characters that can be used are: A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, ;, Z, X, C, V, B, N, M, and SPC.

2. Execute the Program: Instead of typing `RUN 10`, you can now simply press the DEF key and then the key corresponding to the label you used (e.g., DEF then A). The program will execute immediately.

The optional CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface allows you to print calculations and program listings.

Printing Manual Calculations:

1. While in the RUN mode, press the SHIFT key and then the ENTER key (P↔NP). A dash symbol will appear above the “PRINT” label on the display.

2. Now, when you press ENTER at the end of a calculation, the calculation will be printed on one line and the result will be printed on the next.

Note: This feature does not work in CAL mode or for the direct calculation feature.

Printing from BASIC Programs:

Use the `LPRINT` statement in your program. It works just like the `PRINT` statement, but sends the output to the printer instead of the display.

Listing Programs on the Printer:

Use the `LLIST` command. `LLIST` will list all program lines currently in memory to the printer.

Printer Caution: If the printer is exposed to strong external electrical noise, it may print randomly. If this happens, press the BRK key to stop printing. Turn the CE-126P power off and on, and then press the C-CE key to return the printer to its normal condition.

To use the cassette interface feature of the CE-126P, your cassette tape recorder should meet the following minimum specifications:

Note: Some tape recorders may not work due to different specifications. Recorders with distortion, increased noise, or power deterioration from long use may not show satisfactory results.

To perform a dual regression analysis on your SHARP PC-1401, follow these steps using the predefined program keys:

1. Data Input (DEF A):

After selecting the printer or display output, input the data for x, y, and z. Press ENTER after each value. To signal the end of data input, press ENTER when “x=” is indicated without entering a value.

2. Output of the Analysis (DEF B):

Select the printer or display output. The means, variances, correlation coefficient, and regression coefficients will then be outputted.

3. Estimation by the Regression Equation (DEF C):

After selecting the output method, input the data for x and y. The program will then provide estimates using the regression coefficient calculated in the previous step (DEF B).

Key Operation Example for Estimation:

This program analyzes results obtained under different conditions to determine if there is a relationship between them.

1. Data Input and Check (DEF A)

Input the level number of the elements A and B, then input the data as prompted by the display. After all data has been entered, you can choose to check the data. If any data is incorrect, press DEF B to input the correct data.

2. Results Output (DEF C)

Select whether you want to print the entered data. The program will then print out the analysis of variances, including variation, the number of degrees of freedom, unbiased variance, and unbiased variance ratio.

Key Operation Example for Data Input and Correction:

You can use a joint method of the CAL mode’s statistical treatment and a BASIC program to find the t value for comparing mean values.

1. Create the BASIC Program

Enter the following program in BASIC mode:

10:M=(Y-V)/Z

20:SD=SQR ((X-2*W+U-Z*M^2)/(Z-1))

30:T=M/SD*SQR Z

40:DF=Z-1

50:LPRINT “SD=”;SD

60:LPRINT “M =”;M

70:LPRINT “T =”;T

80:LPRINT “DF=”;DF

90:END

2. Perform the Operation

Step 1. Set statistical mode in CAL mode by pressing CAL, SHIFT, STAT.

Step 2. Input your paired data. For example, for a pair of 10 and 8, you would key in 10, (x,y), 8, DATA.

Step 3. After entering all data, change to BASIC mode by pressing SHIFT, STAT, BASIC.

Step 4. Execute the program by typing RUN and pressing ENTER. The results for Standard Deviation (SD), Mean Value of Difference (M), t value (T), and Degrees of Freedom (DF) will be printed out.

This program calculates the impedance of a parallel or serial connection of R-L-C circuit elements.

For a Serial Circuit (DEF A):

Key-in the values for resistance R (in Ω), capacitance C (in µF), inductance L (in mH), and frequency f (in Hz) sequentially. The results for x, y, |z|, and θ (degree) will be displayed.

Key Operation Example for a Serial Circuit:

For a Parallel Circuit (DEF B):

The operation is the same as for the serial circuit. Use DEF B to start and input the respective values for the parallel circuit.

You can calculate the period (T) and rise time (tr) of an astable multivibrator using the CAL mode.

1. Set the Mode

Set the CAL mode and specify the floating point display.

2. Obtain the Period (T)

Use the formula T = CRB ln((Vcc + VB) / Vcc). For example, with C = 500 pF, RB = 50 kΩ, Vcc = 12 V, and VB = 9 V, you would key in:

500 EXP 12 +/- X 50 EXP 3 X ( ( 12 + 9 ) / 12 ) ln =

The result will be approximately 14.0 (µs).

3. Obtain the Rise Time (tr)

Use the formula tr = -CRL [ln(1 – 0.9) – ln(1 – 0.1)]. For example, with C = 500 pF and RL = 1 kΩ, you would key in:

500 +/- EXP 12 +/- X 1 EXP 3 X ( ( 1 – 0.9 ) ln – ( 1 – 0.1 ) ln ) =

The result will be approximately 1.1 (µs).

First, you must write the function into the program as a subroutine starting at line 500.

How to type in the function:

1. Go into PRO mode.

2. Type the line number and the function. For the example x³ – 2x² – x + 2 = 0, type: 500 B=((X-2)*X-1)*X+2 and press ENTER.

3. End the subroutine by typing: 510 RETURN and press ENTER.

Key Operation Procedure:

Follow these steps to find the roots:

By repeatedly pressing the ENTER key, the next interval’s root is found.

This program allows for numerical integration by either inputting data points directly or by using a function equation written into the program.

Instructions:

1. Start the Program (DEF A):

Press DEF A to start. You will be prompted to select either the data input method (1) or the function equation input method (2). Then, input the integration interval’s starting point, ending point, and the number of divisions.

2. Correct Data (DEF B):

If you made a mistake during data input, press DEF B to correct the data. Enter the revision number and the new revision value.

3. Print Results (DEF C):

Press DEF C to print the final integration values.

How to store a function equation:

The function must be stored after line 900 as a subroutine. In PRO mode, enter the line number and the equation. For example, for Y = ((X-2)X-1)X+2, you would type:

900 Y=((X-2)*X-1)*X+2 ENTER

910 RETURN ENTER

Key Operation (When function equation is used):

After this, press DEF C to get the integrated values printed.

The goal of the game is to land a rocket as softly as possible using a limited amount of fuel. The display shows Height, Speed, Fuel Left, and Fuel Burnt.

Instructions:

1. Start the game by pressing DEF A.

2. The display will show `***START***` and then the initial values (e.g., 500 -50 200 0).

3. Press the number keys from 0 to 9 to adjust the amount of fuel used to land the rocket (to control the engines).

4. If you land successfully (Height > 0 and ABS Speed < 5), the display will show `SUCCESS!!` and the remaining fuel.

5. If you fail (crash or run out of fuel), the display will show `GOOD BYE!!`.

6. If all the fuel is burned up, “FALLING” is displayed.

7. After a game, you will be asked `REPLAY (Y/N)?`. Press Y to play again or N to end.

This program helps you improve your typing speed and accuracy.

Instructions:

1. Start the program by pressing DEF Z.

2. Select a grade level (1, 2, or 3) and press ENTER. Level 3 is the shortest time allotment, while 1 is the longest.

3. After a buzzer, a random set of 4 to 6 characters will be displayed.

4. You must type the same characters within the allotted time.

Scoring:

There are 10 problems in total.

– If you type all characters correctly, you get 10 points.

– If more than half are correct, you get 5 points.

After 10 questions, your score is displayed. The maximum score is 100 points. If your score is higher than the previous high score, a “YOUR SCORE BEST” message is displayed. To play again in the same grade, press DEF A.

This program allows you to input codes and data to find the sum and percentage for each item.

1. Registration of Item Names (DEF Z)

Input the item names in the order of their codes. The display will prompt for ITEM NAME = for code 1, then 2, and so on. Press ENTER after each name. When finished, press ENTER on an empty prompt.

2. Input Sum Data (DEF A)

Input the code number for an item, and its name will be displayed. Then input the data. If the code number is unknown, input the item name with a “*” at the beginning (e.g., *EL-550), and the code number will be found and displayed.

Key Operation for Data Input:

3. Print Summation Results (DEF S)

Press DEF S. The program will display “SUMMATION LIST”. You will then be prompted “PERCENT. (Y/N)”. Press Y to output the results with percentages or N to output them without percentages.

You can calculate the monthly repayment for a loan using the CAL mode. The formula used is:

P = (PT – R) x [ i / (1 – (1 + i)⁻ⁿ) ]

Where P = loan rate, PT = price, R = deposit, n = number of payments, and i = monthly interest.

Example Calculation:

To find the monthly repayment for an item costing 550,000 with a 100,000 deposit, 1.5% monthly interest (0.015), and 20 payments, perform the following keystrokes:

( 550000 – 100000 ) X 0.015 / ( 1 – ( 1 + 0.015 ) yx 20 +/- ) =

The result will be 26210.58114, so the approximate monthly repayment is 26,210.

If there is nothing on the display, try the following steps:

1. Check to see that the power switch is set to the ON position.

2. Press the ON/BRK key to see if AUTO POWER OFF has been activated.

3. Replace the batteries.

If there is a display but no response, try these solutions in order:

1. Press the C-CE key to clear.

2. Press CA (SHIFT C-CE) to clear.

3. Turn the device OFF and ON again.

4. Hold down any key and push the RESET button on the back.

5. Push the RESET button without holding any other key.

If your SHARP PC-1401 is completely unresponsive, follow these steps:

1. Hold down any key and push the RESET button.

2. If you still get no response, push the RESET button without pushing any other key. Please note that this will clear the program and data from the memory.

This indicates you are in PROgram mode. You need to change to the RUN mode for calculations. Press the BASIC key to switch from PRO mode to RUN mode.

The program is likely waiting for input. Press the ENTER key to continue execution.

If you run your program and get an error message, follow these steps:

1. Go back to the PROgram mode and use the up or down arrow keys to recall the line with the error. The cursor will be positioned at the place in the line where the computer got confused.

2. If you can’t find an obvious syntax error, the problem may be with the values of the variables being used. Check the values of the variables in either the RUN or PROgram mode by typing the variable name and pressing ENTER.

If the program runs but the output is incorrect, try these debugging techniques:

1. Check through the program line by line using LIST and the arrow keys to ensure you have entered it correctly.

2. Think about each line as if you were the computer. Use sample values and trace the operations to see if you get the expected result.

3. Insert extra PRINT statements in your program to display key values and locations. This helps isolate the parts of the program that are working correctly and find the location of the error.

4. Use the STOP command to temporarily halt execution at critical points so that you can examine the values of several variables.

5. Use TRON and TROFF, either as commands or within the program, to trace the flow of the program through individual lines. This allows you to examine the contents of critical variables at each step.

To ensure trouble-free operation of your SHARP PC-1401, please follow these recommendations:

• Always handle the pocket computer carefully, as the liquid crystal display is made of glass.

• Keep the computer in an area free from extreme temperature changes, moisture, or dust. Avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures, such as in a vehicle in direct sunlight.

• Use only a soft, dry cloth to clean the computer. Do not use solvents, water, or wet cloths.

• To avoid battery leakage, remove the batteries when the computer will not be in use for an extended period of time.

• If the computer “hangs up” (all keys become inoperative) due to static electricity or external noise, press the ALL RESET button while holding down any key.

• Keep the manual for further reference.

The SHARP PC-1401 has nine error codes:

Error 1: Syntax error. The computer can’t understand what you have entered. Check for misspelled words, incorrect usage, or misplaced punctuation.

Error 2: Calculation error. This can be caused by:

1. Trying to use a number larger than 9.999999999E 99.

2. Trying to divide by zero.

3. An illogical calculation has been attempted (e.g., LN -30).

Error 3: DIMension error/Argument error. This can be caused by:

1. An array variable already exists.

2. An array is specified without first dimensioning it.

3. An array subscript exceeds the size specified in the DIM statement.

4. An illegal function argument (e.g., WAIT 66000).

Error 4: Line Number error. This occurs when you try to use a non-existent line number (e.g., in GOTO, GOSUB, RUN) or a line number larger than the maximum of 65279.

Error 5: Nesting error. Caused by exceeding nesting limits (10 levels for subroutines, 5 levels for FOR loops) or a mismatch like RETURN without GOSUB, NEXT without FOR, or READ without DATA.

Error 6: Memory Overflow. This usually happens when you try to DIMension an array that is too large for memory or when a program itself becomes too large.

Error 7: PRINT USING error. You have put an illegal format specifier into a USING statement.

Error 8: I/O device error. This can only happen with an optional printer/cassette recorder connected and indicates a communication problem between the device and the computer.

Error 9: Other errors. This code is displayed for problems not covered by the other codes. A common cause is trying to access data in a variable in one format (e.g., A$) when it was stored in another (e.g., A).

When using programs developed for the PC-1245, PC-1250, or PC-1251 on the SHARP PC-1401, several modifications may be necessary due to differences in BASIC features.

For PC-1245 Programs:

• FOR-NEXT Loop Value: The value of a loop variable after a FOR-NEXT loop completes is different. If this value is used in a conditional expression, increment it by one step value. For example, change `IF I=10 THEN 100` to `IF I=11 THEN 100` for a loop `FOR I=0 TO 10`.

• Exponent Symbol: The PC-1401 uses an uppercase “E” for its exponent symbol, not “IE”. Change `A = 1.234 IE 5` to `A = 1.234E5`. This change is done automatically if a PC-1245 program is read from a tape.

• Character Codes: The character codes for CHR$ function are different for some characters. Refer to the table for specific changes.

For PC-1250/1251 Programs:

In addition to the PC-1245 modifications, the following are also required:

• USING Format Columns: If the total number of columns in a USING format exceeds 16, it will result in ERROR 7. Change the USING format to be within 16 columns.

• USING Integer Part: If the integer part in a USING format exceeds 8 columns, it will result in ERROR 7. Change the USING format to be within 8 columns.

• INPUT Message Length: If a message in an INPUT statement exceeds 15 columns, the beginning of the message is not displayed. Shorten the message.

• PRINT Expression Length: If the display contents of a PRINT statement exceed 16 columns, or a character string exceeds 8 columns, the excess part is not displayed. Rewrite the statement so that it fits.

Additional Modifications:

• The SHARP PC-1401 does not have CHAIN and MERGE commands. If used, these commands will be skipped during execution.

The character codes generated by the CHR$ function are partially different between the models. When adapting programs, change the codes as follows:

Note: The PC-1401 does not have the characters ▭ and IE, and the PC-1245 does not have ‘, [, and ].

The USING verb controls the format of displayed or printed output using an “output mask”. This mask can be a string constant (e.g., USING “####”) or a string variable (e.g., M$=”&&&&”:USING M$).

Numeric Masks:

• Use the ‘#’ character to specify the number of digits. Each ‘#’ reserves space for one digit. The mask must also reserve space for the sign, so a “####” mask can display numbers with up to three digits.

• Use a ‘.’ to specify the location of the decimal point (e.g., “####.##”). Extra digits will be truncated.

• Use a ‘^’ character to specify scientific notation (e.g., “##.##^”).

Alphanumeric Masks:

• Use the ‘&’ character to display string constants and variables. Each ‘&’ indicates one character in the field. The string is positioned at the left end of the field.

Mixed Masks:

• You can include both numeric and string formatting characters in one USING mask. Each switch between character types marks the boundary for a different value. For example, `PRINT USING “###.##&&”; 25; “CR”` will display `25.00CR`.

Cancelling a Mask:

• To cancel all special formatting, use the USING verb with no mask (e.g., `40: USING`).

When using the USING verb for display formatting, please note the following:

1. If the total number of columns in the USING format for a PRINT expression exceeds 16, it will result in ERROR 7.

2. If the integer part of the number (including the sign digit) exceeds 8 columns with a USING format in a `PRINT expression, expression` statement, it will result in ERROR 7.

3. If the display contents of a `PRINT expression; expression; …` statement exceed 16 columns, the excess part is not displayed.

4. Using a USING statement designated for exponential display to show a value converted to hexadecimal notation will result in an error (ERROR 7, format error).

5. When the total number of columns specified in the integer part of a format exceeds 11 (including the sign digit), the excess part is ignored, and the integer part is regarded as having 11 digits.

To record (save) a program onto a magnetic tape using the optional CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface, follow these steps:

1. Turn off the REMOTE switch on the CE-126P.

2. Enter the program or data into the Computer.

3. Load the tape into the tape recorder and position it where you want to record.

4. Connect the Interface’s red plug to the tape recorder’s MIC jack and the black plug to the REM jack.

5. Turn on the REMOTE switch.

6. Simultaneously press the record and play buttons on the tape recorder to put it in record mode.

7. Input the recording instruction (e.g., `CSAVE “filename”`) on the computer and press the ENTER key for execution.

8. When you press ENTER, tape motion will begin. After about an 8-second non-signal blank, a beep tone is recorded, followed by the file name and its contents.

9. When the recording is complete, the PROMPT symbol (>) will be displayed on the computer, and the tape recorder will automatically stop.

To load a program from a magnetic tape using the optional CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface, follow this procedure:

1. Turn off the REMOTE switch on the CE-126P.

2. Load the tape into the tape recorder and position it just before the program to be loaded.

3. Connect the gray plug to the EAR jack on the tape recorder and the black plug to the REM jack.

4. Turn on the REMOTE switch.

5. Push the PLAY button on the tape recorder.

6. Set the VOLUME control to middle or maximum and the Tone control to maximum treble.

7. Input the transfer instruction (e.g., `CLOAD “filename”`) on the computer and press the ENTER key.

8. The computer will search for the specified file name and transfer its contents into memory. A “*” mark appears while loading.

9. When the program has been transferred, the computer will automatically stop the tape motion and display the PROMPT symbol (>).

This process is called collation. After saving or loading a program, you can verify its integrity using the `CLOAD?` command.

1. Turn off the REMOTE switch on the CE-126P.

2. Position the tape in the recorder to the point just before the appropriate file name to be checked.

3. Connect the gray plug to the EARphone jack and the black plug to the REMote jacks.

4. Turn on the REMOTE switch.

5. Press the PLAY button on the recorder.

6. Input a `CLOAD?` statement (e.g., `CLOAD? “filename”`) and press ENTER.

7. The computer will automatically search for the file and compare the contents on the tape with the contents in memory. During collation, a “*” mark is shown on the display.

8. If the programs are identical, a PROMPT symbol (>) will be displayed.

9. If the programs differ, execution will be interrupted and an Error code 8 will be displayed. If this occurs, try again.

Here are some notes for successful tape operation:

• For any transfer or collation, use the same tape recorder that was used for recording.

• Always use only the highest quality tape for programs and data storage.

• Keep the tape heads and tape handling parts clean.

• The volume level is very important when reading data. Set it to middle or maximum level and make slight adjustments as required to obtain error-free transfer.

• Be sure all connections between the computer, interface, and recorder are secure and dirt-free.

• If problems occur when using AC power, try using battery power instead, as the AC power connection can sometimes add “hum” to the signal.

• Set the tone control to maximum treble.

• When recording over a used tape, erase the portion before writing to ensure the previous program is completely erased.